Types of Unemployment and their Remedies

Types of Unemployment and their Remedies

There are three major types of unemployment: frictional, structural, and cyclical (Keynesian).

Using Supply & Demand Analysis to Explain Unemployment

Using Supply & Demand Analysis to Explain Unemployment

In markets for labor, the price of labor is often referred to as the wage rate. Households typically supply labor to businesses. The supply of labor is upward sloping, which implies that as the wage rate increases, households are willing to supply a larger quantity of labor. Businesses typically demand labor from households. The demand for labor is downward sloping, which implies that as the wage rate increases, business demand a smaller quantity of labor. This means fewer jobs are available for workers.

The equilibrium wage rate is the price of labor at which the quantity of labor supplied equals the quantity of labor demanded. The market wage rate is the price of labor paid in a labor market. It may or may not be the same as the equilibrium wage rate. If the market wage rate is above the equilibrium wage rate, the quantity of labor supplied is larger than the quantity of labor demanded. When this occurs, there is a surplus of labor. This is also called unemployment. Thus, unemployment occurs when the market wage rate is above the equilibrium wage rate.


Market for Labor


unemployment
(excess supply
of labor)



Supply of Labor
Quantity
of Labor


Equilibrium wage
rate
Demand for Labor

Market wage rate
Price of Labor (wage rate)





O


QS
QDwhere:
QS = the quantity of labor supplied at the market wage rate
(i.e., the number of workers who want a job at the market wage rate)

QD = the quantity of labor demanded at the market wage rate
(i.e., the number of jobs offered by businesses at the market wage rate)


Explanations for the Market Wage Rate Staying
above the Equilibrium Wage Rate

Economists suggest several reasons for the market wage rate staying above the equilibrium wage rate. Consequently, it is natural and normal to always have some unemployment.

1. A minimum wage law specifies the lowest price that employers can legally pay for labor. In the absence of the law, unskilled workers would probably be paid less than the minimum wage. Thus, minimum wage laws keep the market wage rate above the equilibrium wage rate. Workers are usually paid based on their productivity. Skilled workers are generally more productive than unskilled workers and thus receive higher wages. Consequently, minimum wage laws are usually only applicable to unskilled workers. A minimum wage is an example of a price floor. A price floor is a legal minimum price at which a product can be sold. If the minimum wage is above the equilibrium wage, then the minimum wage law creates unemployment in the market for unskilled workers.

2. Labor unions are worker associations that bargain with employers over wages and working conditions. Collective bargaining is the process by which unions and business firms agree on the terms of employment. Unions frequently negotiate market wages than are above the equilibrium wages that would be paid in the absence of collective bargaining. Union contracts keep the market wage rate of union workers above the equilibrium wage rate. In some cases, unions may strike to obtain concessions from employers. A strike is the organized withdrawal of labor from a business firm by a union.

3. Efficiency wages are above-equilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivity. Firms may find it profitable to pay high wages to improve the health of workers, to reduce worker turnover, to increase worker effort, and to attract higher quality workers. In addition to great pay, SAS, a computer software company headquartered in North Carolina, provides its workers with on-site day-care for children, medical and dental care, and recreational facilities that rival the best health clubs. It is expensive for the company to provide these added wages and benefits. Company executives argue it makes financial sense, however, because the added pay and benefits allow SAS to attract and keep the best workers in the industry. The company saves on the costs of recruiting and training personnel because workers rarely leave for other jobs. The state-of-the-art recreational facilities help keep the workers healthy. Combining this with the readily accessible doctors, dentists, and child-care allows workers to spend less time away from their jobs. Thus it makes sense for some businesses to routinely pay wages that are above the market wage for the industry.

4. There is a cultural expectation that workers receive periodic raises, but pay cuts are generally unacceptable, regardless of economic conditions. Labor markets are not like other markets. Changing the prices of other resources or products does not change the resource or product. If you change the price of a bicycle, it is still the same bicycle. If you change the price of a worker, however, the worker may change. Workers may resent the wage cut and become hurt or angry. Workers may then be less productive, whether that reaction is intentional or not. Consequently, business firms are reluctant to cut the market wage rate, even when market wages are significantly above the equilibrium wage rate in an industry.

Limitations of Unemployment Data

Limitations of Unemployment Data

Unemployment data, like all data, have limitations. The statistics reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics are not perfect measures of labor market conditions in the United States. Two criticisms of the methodology used to measure unemployment suggest the reported data underestimate the true level of unemployment. Another criticism suggests the data may overestimate unemployment, however.

Some people counted as employed are underemployed. Underemployment refers to people with jobs who are not working as much as they want or need to work. Consider a single parent trying to support three children. The only job she is able to find is a part-time job, such as working 25 hours per week at McDonald's. Will this part-time job provide enough income to support her family? People with part-time jobs may be counted as employed even though they may not be working as much as they want or need to work. Because unemployment statistics may not represent the fact that some people are not working as much as they want or need to work, some critics argue the labor market data reported by the government may underestimate the actual amount of unemployment in the economy.

Discouraged workers are individuals who would like to work but have given up looking for a job. Some people may become discouraged by their inability to find a job and stop looking for work. Because they are no longer looking for a job, discouraged workers are included with those who are not in the labor force. If they had not become so discouraged and continued to look for a job, they would be classified as unemployed. Consequently, one could argue that workers becoming discouraged may reduce the reported unemployment rate and underestimate the true amount of unemployment in the economy.
Another criticism of the labor market data suggests the reported numbers may overestimate unemployment, however. Some respondents may give false or misleading answers to the telephone survey. Suppose a person does not have a job and collects unemployment compensation from the government. If someone from the government calls to ask "Do you have a job?" and "If you do not have a job, are you looking for one?" some people might say they are looking for work, which is a requirement for receiving benefits, even if they are not. If adults without jobs are not looking for work, technically they should not be classified as unemployed. Instead, they should be classified as not in the labor force. Consequently, some critics argue that the tendency for some people to misrepresent themselves in phone surveys causes the unemployment data reported by the government to overestimate the actual amount of unemployment in the economy.

When all three criticisms of labor market data are considered, the effects tend to offset each other. Even though unemployment data have these limitations, most economists believe they are reasonable measures of the true level of unemployment in the economy.